Surgical instruments and method for corneal reformation

ABSTRACT

Multiple surgical instruments for use with a surgical method of corneal reformation. Surgical instruments include the optional use of vibration with an epithelial separator or cannula to separate an epithelial sheet from the cornea of no more than about 85 microns thick. The surgical method of corneal reformation reduces the risk of trauma and shortens overall recovery while yielding improved visual acuity. The method comprises making a relatively shallow incision of no more than about 85 microns deep into the corneal epithelium, separating the corneal epithelial sheet from the underlying Bowman&#39;s Membrane using an epithelial separator or a specialized cannula, and lifting the epithelial sheet away from the ablation zone so that the Bowman&#39;s Membrane and underlying stromal bed can be reformed.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.10/014,373, filed Nov. 9, 2001, by Marguerite McDonald, and claimspriority thereto. The specification, drawings, and complete disclosureof U.S. application Ser. No. 10/014,373 are incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for corneal reformation,specifically, to a method for corneal reformation that permits fasterrecovery with improved visual acuity and surgical instruments forperforming such methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The human eye includes a specialized structure referred to as thecornea. The cornea is a multi-layered structure, however, the three mostsuperficial layers—the corneal epithelium, Bowman's Membrane, and thestromal bed—are the layers that are primarily implicated in cornealreformation surgery. The epithelium, which comprises the delicatecovering of the human cornea and is only five or six cells thick, is theprotective barrier against infection of the cornea. The cornea, beingavascular, has unique immune requirements and an infection in this partof the eye is problematic since systemic antibiotics are relativelyineffective. Therefore, preservation of the epithelial integrity iscritical in surgery as well as for general eye care.

The epithelium is adherent to the stromal surface along Bowman'sMembrane which is a cell-free zone approximately 7 to 12 microns thickand defines the Basement Membrane. Bowman's Membrane is the mostanterior structure of the stromal tissue which is the major lamellarstructure of the corneal anatomy. In most surgeries of the cornea,efforts are made to prevent the tearing of the epithelium from Bowman'sMembrane because such tearing causes pain, slow visual recovery, andpredisposes to corneal infiltrates (precursors to infection).

Some corneal reformation techniques, such as LASIK, require the creationof a flap of corneal epithelium which may result in significantdestruction of the stromal bed leading to trauma or even permanentdamage to the eyes and compromise eyesight. PRK, on the other hand,removes the upper most layer(s) of corneal epithelium without danger tothe underlying stromal bed but requires a long recovery period for thepatient.

In LASIK, in order to create a useable flap, the flap must be relativelythick. A thick flap, however, requires corneal reformation by ablatingunderlying tissue that extends into the stromal bed of the cornea.Ablating this tissue has severe consequences. Unless sufficient tissueremains in the stromal bed, the cornea can destabilize resulting inkeratoectasia. A patient's long recovery time after PRK surgery isdisadvantageous for multiple reasons, such as lengthier vulnerability toinfection, discomfort, and inability to return to daily routine quickly.

Accordingly, there is a need for a method of corneal reformation thatreduces the risk of trauma and permanent damages to the eye whilepermitting quick recovery.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a method for reforming thecornea to alter visual acuity is presented whereby a shallow incision ofless than about 85 microns is made into the corneal epithelium to createa sheet of epithelium. The sheet of epithelium is separated from theBowman's Membrane using an epithelial separator or cannula and then islifted from of the cornea to permit ablation of the underlying membranefollowed by return of the epithelial sheet.

One embodiment of an instrument used in the practice of this method is adevice comprising a cutting member, a shaft, and a handle. The cuttingmember may include a support band, a cutting band, cutting teeth spacedapart by gaps, an outer surface, an inner surface, and an edge. Theincision made by the instrument may be approximately circular, and fromabout 250 to 330 degrees. The cutting member also may be connected to avibration source.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention and forfurther advantages thereof, reference is now made to the followingDescription of Exemplary Embodiments taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 a is a block diagram illustrating the present method;

FIGS. 1 b-1 g are pictorial representations illustrating steps of thepresent method;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a trephine used in practicing thepresent method;

FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the trephine cutting bandillustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a bottom plan view of the trephine cutting band shown in FIG.3;

FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 5-5 ofFIG. 3 of the trephine cutting band;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a surgical instrumentused in the practice of the present method;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged side elevational view of the cannula shown in FIG.6;

FIG. 8 is sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 8-8 ofFIG. 7 of the cannula of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a front elevation view taken generally at lines 9-9 of FIG. 7of the distal tip of the cannula of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of another embodiment of a cannulaused in the practice of the present method;

FIG. 11 is a sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 11-11of FIG. 10 of the cannula of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a side elevational view of another embodiment of a cannulaused in the practice of the present method;

FIG. 13 is a sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 13-13of FIG. 12 of the cannula of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an epithelialseparator used in the practice of the present method;

FIG. 15 is an enlarged side elevational view of the spatula-like portionof the epithelial separator shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 16-16of FIG. 15 of the spatula-like portion of the epithelial separator ofFIG. 14;

FIG. 17 is a front elevational view taken generally along lines 17-17 ofFIG. 15 of the distal tip of the epithelial separator of the presentinvention shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of an epithelialseparator used in the practice of the present method;

FIG. 19 is a side elevational view of the spatula-like portion of theepithelial separator shown in FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 20-20of FIG. 19 of the spatula-like portion of the epithelial separator shownin FIG. 18;

FIG. 21 is a front elevational view taken generally along lines 21-21 ofFIG. 19 of the distal tip of the spatula-like portion of the epithelialseparator of FIG. 18;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of an epithelialseparator used in the practice of the present method;

FIG. 23 is a side elevational view of the spatula-like portion of theepithelial separator of FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 is a sectional view taken generally along sectional lines 24-24of FIG. 23 of the spatula-like portion of the separator shown in FIG.22; and

FIG. 25 is a front elevational front view taken generally along lines25-25 of FIG. 23 of the distal tip of the spatula-like portion of theepithelial separator of FIG. 22.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present method for reforming the corneal surface of the mammalianeye has advantages of LASIK surgery while avoiding the disadvantages ofPRK surgery. The present method is termed LASEK. Briefly, in practicingLASEK a gossamer thin sheet of no more than about 85 microns of thecorneal epithelium is lifted from the corneal surface to permit cornealreformation of the underlying epithelium and is then replaced. Thepresent method permits rapid recovery like LASIK. With the presentmethod, the corneal bed is mostly maintained which prevents thickeningor other indications of trauma. Another advantage of the presentinvention is that, unlike PRK, the eye is not treated with harshchemicals that are used in PRK to remove the corneal epithelium and longrecovery periods are avoided. Again, by reducing the cornea's exposureto irritants, damage to the cornea is avoided and recovery time isenhanced.

Referring to FIGS. 1 a-1 g, a block diagram of the present method isillustrated together with pictorial representations of steps of thepresent method. At step 10, a full or partial thickness epithelial cut12 is made in the epithelial layer 14 of cornea 16 of an eye. Thisincision 12 is no deeper than about 85 microns. The incision 12 forms asheet 18 (FIG. 1 f) that can be lifted from the underlying Bowman'sMembrane 20. The area 22 of the cornea 16 and surrounding area thatremains attached to the underlying corneal epithelium 14 is termed the“hinged region” as this region functionally serves as a hinge wherebythe sheet 18 is maintained attached to the epithelium 14. In a preferredembodiment of the invention, a curved, “C”-shaped, partial or full depthepithelial incision 12 is made to form an arc of between about 250 and330 degrees. This incision 12 is preferably made using a guardedtrephine, to be subsequently described with respect to FIG. 2 which maybe vibrated at step 24. An example of a trephine is illustrated in FIG.2 for making an incision 12 of about 300 degrees. The incision 12 canalternatively be made by a variety of surgical tools such as a scalpelor knife.

In step 26, an incision 28 using a scalpel or similar cuttinginstrument, preferably with a rounded blade, is made near the hinge 22of the partial thickness epithelial cut 12. This incision 28 is about 1to about 2 millimeters long and is sufficiently deep to reach thecorneal bed, stromal layer, or Bowman's Membrane 20 and is about 1 toabout 2 millimeters long. A cutting instrument 30 a for performing step26 is illustrated in FIG. 8. Cut 28 may be made using a fluid 38expelled from the tip of instrument 30 a.

In step 32 of the present invention, the epithelial cells are stiffenedby adding several drops of sodium chloride in a concentration rangingfrom about 3% to about 7% (such as Muro 128) for 10 seconds followed byrinsing with buffered saline solution. Stiffening of the epithelialcells makes them easier to handle.

After the incision 28 is made in step 26, the epithelium layers remainfirmly affixed to each other. To separate the corneal epithelium fromthe underlying epithelium an epithelial separator, such as instrument 30b, is inserted under the layer 14 near its hinge region 22 at step 34(FIG. 1 c). This insertion is done by entering the incision 28 made instep 26 and is preferably done by applying suction to the eye and usingan epithelial separator 30 b which may vibrate. Suction should last forno longer than about 45 seconds and, if necessary, should only be trieda second time after about 15 seconds has elapsed since the firstattempt. Suction may not be necessary, however, when vibration is usedat step 36. Instead of using an epithelial separator, a cannula capableof ejecting media 38 may be used to enter the incision 28 created atstep 26. A more detailed description instruments 30 a-c and manners ofuse are described in more detail below. An epithelial separator iscontemplated to be no greater than about one-half millimeter in diameterwhich permits its entry under the epithelium without tearing what willbecome the sheet. The epithelial separator is inserted parallel to hinge22 connecting the ends of the incision line or lines, whereby hinge 22substantially marks the attachment boundary or hinge 22 of the sheet 18after the epithelium 14 is lifted.

Once the epithelial separator 30 b is inserted at or near the hingeregion, the separator 30 b is slid away from the hinge region 22 whilebeing held substantially perpendicularly to the direction of movementand parallel to the uncut line at step 40 (FIG. 1 d). During step 40 theepithelial layers are teased apart by a gentle sawing, “window washing”motion. Alternatively, a cannula having an internal cavity and havingone side having a plurality of apertures is contemplated whereby amedium such as gel, liquid, or gas (including air) 38, hereinaftercollectively referred to by the term “fluid”, can be used to tease theepithelial layers apart and to raise the epithelial layer. A moredetailed description of this embodiment of the cannula will be alsodiscussed below.

After the epithelial separator or cannula 30 b is slid along under thecorneal surface within the incision area created by cut 12 theepithelium layers are separated to form sheet 18 at step 42. If thecorneal area to be altered is relatively large, the sheet 18 may bebisected (FIG. 1 e) by making an incision 44 in the epithelium sheet toform two halves 18 a and 18 b, or leafs, which may be more easily movedout of the ablation zone. Additional leafs may be created depending onthe size of the corneal area to be altered.

At step 46, the sheet 18 is lifted from the underlying surface to exposethe Bowman's Membrane 20 or bare stoma in a re-treatment case and thecorneal bed is ablated or altered by any of a variety of methodscommonly known to one of ordinary skill in the art such as by excimerlaser and refractive technology.

After ablating the corneal bed, as needed the sheet 18 is replaced overthe underlying cornea at step 48 (FIG. 1 g) using an instrument 30 c torefloat sheet 18 back into position. An instrument 30 c is subsequentlydescribed with respect to FIGS. 14-25.

Several instruments are used in the practice of the present invention.To make the initial incision 12 (step 10, FIG. 1 b) a guarded trephineis preferable such as the one shown in FIG. 2. Guarded trephinegenerally identified by the numeral 50 includes a cutting member 52, ashaft 54, and a handle 56. Cutting member 52 is shown in greater detailin FIGS. 3-5. Cutting member 52 includes a support band 58, a cuttingband 60, cutting teeth 62, spaced apart by gaps 64, an outer surface 66,an inner surface 68, and an edge 70. Cutting teeth 62 may protrude, forexample, from cutting band 60 along the innermost about 90 micronsleaving the remaining thickness of the outer surface 66 of cutting band60 to form edge 70. Cutting teeth 62 cut from about 250 to about 330degrees along the circular cutting band 60 to form hinge region 22 (FIG.1 b), or an uncut arc of the epithelium, of about 110 to about 30degrees. FIG. 4 illustrates trephine 50 for forming an uncut arc orhinge of about 60 degrees. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of cuttingmember 52 through the a gap 64 along sectional lines 5-5 in FIG. 3.Shown is inner surface 68, bottom edge 70, and beveled edge 72 of outersurface 66. In a preferred embodiment, beveled edge 72 is angled towardsinner surface 68 at about 30 degrees. Additionally, cutting band 60 mayinclude a continuous cutting surface in which gaps 64 have beeneliminated.

In a preferred embodiment of trephine 50, cutting member 52 is connectedto a vibration source 73. Vibration source 73 may comprise, for example,a mechanical vibrator on an ultra sound vibration source. Vibration isin the range of 20 kHz to 200 kHz. As noted above, the incision made bytrephine 50, is approximately circular, and is about 250 to 330 degrees.Trephines for creating cuts of other dimensions are acceptable so longas the cut is partial to leave an area of attachment between the conicalepithelium its surrounding epithelium to form the hinge 22 (FIG. 1 b).

To accomplish steps 34 and 40 (FIG. 1 a), the separation of the cornealsurface epithelium from the underlying cornea several embodiments of acannula as described above may be used with the present method and areshown generally in FIGS. 6-13. The present cannula is hollow and is influid communication with a connector that can be received by a standardsyringe which may contain a variety of fluid usable to separate theepithelial layers. One embodiment of a cannula connected to a syringe,generally identified by the numeral 74, or other pumping systemsproviding a fluid source is shown in FIG. 6. Syringe 74 includes acannula 76, a connector 78, and a syringe body 80, which furtherincludes a plunger 82. Cannula 76 includes a proximal end 84, a distalsection 86, a distal tip 88, a contact surface 90, an upper surface 91,and a plurality of apertures 92 as shown in FIG. 7. The length of thecannula 76 may range from about 10 millimeters to about 15 millimeters.Apertures 92 are disposed on one lateral surface, relative to contactsurface 90 and upper surface 91 of distal section 86 of cannula 76.Preferably, 15 to 25 apertures 92 are utilized for ejection of syringemedia. Distal section 86 includes a channel 93 in fluid communicationwith apertures 92 and syringe body 80 for delivery of fluid to apertures92. The diameters of apertures 92 range from about 0.05 to about 0.10millimeter and are spaced about 0.4 millimeter apart along the side ofcannula 76. The radius of curvature of cannula 76 is contemplated torange from about 8 millimeters to about 12 millimeters. Distal tip 88 ispreferably tapered as shown in FIG. 9 to allow cannula 76 to enter underthe epithelium after an incision 28 is made as shown in FIG. 1 c. Duringseparation of the epithelial sheet, the syringe plunger 82 may bedepressed to eject various media through the plurality of apertures 92as mentioned above such as air, gel, liquid, to aid in the separation ofthe epithelial sheet. Distal tip 88 may also include an aperture asillustrated in FIG. 1 b for expelling media to create cut 28 in whichcase cannula 76 will have no apertures 92.

Various embodiments of distal section 86 include multiplecross-sectional geometries; such as, for example, circular, trapezoidal,and oval as shown in FIGS. 8-13. FIG. 8 illustrates a circularembodiment.

An embodiment of a trapezoidal geometry of the present cannula is shownin FIGS. 10 and 11. A trapezoidal cannula, generally identified by thenumeral 94, includes a proximal end 96, a distal section 98, a distaltip 100, a contact surface 102, an upper surface 104, a plurality ofapertures 106, sides 108 a and 108 b, and a channel 110. The width ofupper surface 104, for example, in the range from about 0.5 millimetersto about 1.0 millimeters and the width of contact surface 102 to rangefrom 0.75 millimeter to about 1.25 millimeter. The height of thetrapezoid, i.e. the distance between contact surface 102 and uppersurface 104 is to range from about 0.25 millimeters to about 0.5millimeters. The length of the cannula 94 may range from about 10millimeters to about 15 millimeters. The plurality of apertures 106 aredisposed on one lateral surface, relative to contact surface 102, ofdistal section 98 of cannula 94. Preferably, 15 to 25 apertures 106 areutilized for ejection of syringe media. The diameter of apertures 106ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.10 millimeter and are spaced about 0.4millimeter apart along the side 108 a of cannula 94. The radius ofcurvature of cannula 94 is contemplated to range from about 8millimeters to about 12 millimeters. Proximal end 84 is oriented withrespect to distal section 86 to form a vertical angle that is in therange of about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees.

An embodiment of an oval geometry of the present cannula is shown inFIGS. 12 and 13. An oval cannula generally identified by the numeral 112includes a proximal end 114, a distal section 116, a distal tip 118, acontact surface 120, an upper surface 122, a plurality of apertures 124,and a channel 126. The short axis of the oval ranges in length fromabout 0.27 millimeters to about 0.5 millimeters and the long axis rangesin length from about 0.75 millimeters to about 1.25 millimeters. Duringuse the short axis is perpendicular to the corneal surface. The lengthof oval cannula 112 ranges, for example, from about 10 millimeters toabout 15 millimeters. The plurality of apertures 124 are disposed on onelateral surface, relative to contact surface 120, of distal section 116of cannula 112. Preferably, 15 to 25 apertures 124 are utilized forejection of syringe media. The diameter of apertures 124 ranges fromabout 0.05 to about 0.10 millimeter and are spaced about 0.4 millimeterapart along the side of cannula 112. The radius of curvature of cannula112, for example, in the range from about 8 millimeters to about 12millimeters. Proximal end 114 is oriented with respect to distal section116 to form a vertical angle that is in the range of about 40 degrees toabout 60 degrees.

To accomplish step 40 (FIG. 1 a), the separation of the corneal surfaceepithelium from the underlying epithelium, several embodiments of anepithelial separator as described above may be used with the presentmethod, and are shown generally in FIGS. 14-25. An epithelial separator,generally identified by the numeral 128, includes a slender spatula-likeportion 130 connected to a handle 132 by a shaft 134. Shaft 134 isoriented with respect to spatula-like portion 130 so that a verticalangle is formed that ranges from about 40 to about 60 degrees.

Spatula-like portion 130 includes a proximal end 136, a distal section138, a distal tip 140, a contact surface 142, and an upper surface 144.The height of the spatula-like portion 130 is no greater than about 0.5millimeter and is preferably less than 0.4 millimeter. Variousembodiments of distal section 138 include various cross-sectionalgeometries such as, for example, circular, triangular, and oval, asshown in FIGS. 16-25. A circular embodiment of spatula-like portion 130is shown in FIG. 16. The circular embodiment of the spatula-like portionhas a length between about 10 millimeters to about 15 millimeters andhas a radius of curvature of about 8 millimeters to about 12millimeters. Distal tip 106 is preferably tapered as shown in FIG. 17 toform a leading edge that can enter under the incision into theepithelium in order to separate the epithelium from the corneal bed.Proximal end 136 is oriented with respect to distal section 138 to forma vertical angle that is in the range of about 40 degrees to about 60degrees.

Another embodiment of a separator 128 is shown in FIGS. 18-21. Aspatula-like portion 146 includes a proximal end 148, a distal section150, a distal tip 152, a contact surface 154, and an upper surface 156.Spatula-like portion 146 includes a triangular cross-sectional shape andis shown in FIG. 20, which is a section through sectional lines 20-20 ofFIG. 19. Spatula-like portion 146 is triangular in cross-section havinga height, generally, of no more than about 0.5 millimeter, and a base ofabout 1 millimeter, and with the base angles being acute and equal, eachpreferably less than about 30 degrees. The base, in reference to thetriangular cross-section, lies substantially adjacent to the underlyingcornea during separation of the epithelium from the corneal bed. Thetriangular embodiment of the spatula-like portion 146 has a lengthbetween about 10 millimeters to about 15 millimeters having a radius ofcurvature of about 10 millimeters to about 40 millimeters. Shown in FIG.21, distal tip 152 of the triangular embodiment tapers to contactsurface 154 to form leading edge 158. The tip 152 of the spatula-likeportion 146 is preferably angled having a chisel-like appearance so thatthe height of the spatula-like portion 146 tapers forward to the base toform leading edge 158 that has a narrower profile than the rearwardsection of the spatula. Such leading zone permits the spatula-likeportion 146 to be inserted between the layers so that the rest of thespatula 146 can further separate the epithelial layers as thespatula-like portion 146 is moved further under the sheet of epithelium.Proximal end 148 is oriented with respect to distal section 150 to forma vertical angle that is in the range of about 40 degrees to about 60degrees.

Another embodiment of a separator 128 is shown in FIGS. 22-25. Aspatula-like portion 160 includes a proximal end 162, a distal section164, a distal tip 166, a contact surface 168, and an upper surface 170.Spatula-like portion 160 is shown in FIG. 24, which is a section throughsectional lines 24-24 of FIG. 23. In the oval embodiment of spatula-likeportion 160 the short-axis ranges in length from about 0.27 millimetersto about 0.5 millimeters and the long-axis ranges in length from about0.75 millimeters to about 1.25 millimeters. The short axis isperpendicular to contact surface 168 and the long-axis is parallel tothe contact surface 168. As shown in FIG. 25, distal tip 166 tapers toform leading edge 172 so that the leading edge may enter into under theepithelium and be used to separate the epithelium from the underlyingcorneal bed. Proximal end 162 is oriented with respect to distal section164 to form a vertical angle that is in the range of about 40 degrees toabout 60 degrees.

Therefore, it can be seen that the present invention provides for amethod and surgical instruments for creating and lifting a sheet ofepithelium without killing the tissue or exposing the cornea and eye todangerous toxins.

Whereas it is intended that the description of the present inventionincludes several embodiments for implementing the invention. Variationsin the description likely to be conceived by those skilled in the artstill fall within the breadth and scope of the disclosure of the presentinvention. It is also understood that additional applications of thepresent invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon areading of the description and a consideration of the appended claimsand drawings.

1. A surgical instrument for use in corneal reconstruction, comprising: a connecting end; and a hollow spatula-like member having a proximal end supported by said connecting end and a distal tip opposite said proximal end, said spatula-like member including an arcuate distal section formed in a plane along a curvature, and further including a fluid passageway therein, said fluid passageway being in fluid communication with a fluid source, with one side of said spatula-like member further including a plurality of apertures wherefrom fluid from said fluid source may be ejected, wherein said surgical instrument is adapted to separate corneal surface epithelium from the underlying cornea.
 2. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said spatula-like member has an oval, circular, or diamond cross-sectional shape.
 3. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said distal tip includes an aperture whereby fluid from said fluid source may be ejected onto the cornea.
 4. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said fluid source is a syringe connected to said connecting end.
 5. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said spatula-like member has a height of no greater than about 0.5 millimeters.
 6. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said distal section has a length of about 10 millimeters to about 15 millimeters.
 7. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein there are 15 to 25 apertures.
 8. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the diameter of said apertures ranges from about 0.05 millimeters to 0.10 millimeters.
 9. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the apertures are evenly spaced about 0.4 millimeters apart along said side.
 10. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said distal section curvature has a radius of curvature between about 8 millimeters and about 12 millimeters.
 11. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said proximal end is oriented with respect to the distal section to form a vertical angle of about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees.
 12. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said trapezoidal spatula-like member has a top side and an opposing contact side, said top side having a width of about 0.5 millimeters to about 1.0 millimeters, and said contact side having a width of about 0.75 millimeters to about 1.25 millimeters.
 13. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein said distal section curvature has a radius of curvature between about 8 millimeters and about 11.5 millimeters. 